As someone who spends a lot of time exploring the Riviera Maya, one of the questions I’m asked the most is, “What exactly are cenotes?” I’ve had the privilege of guiding countless travelers to some of the most breathtaking cenotes, and it never fails to amaze me how magical these natural wonders are. But cenotes are more than just swimming spots or underground caves—they’re an essential part of the Riviera Maya’s culture, environment, and history.
In this guide, we’re going to explore what cenotes are, how they were formed, their significance to the ancient Maya, and why we need to protect these unique ecosystems. Whether you’re a first-time visitor or a seasoned traveler, this “Cenotes 101” will give you everything you need to appreciate and enjoy these natural wonders responsibly.
What is a Cenote?
A cenote (pronounced seh-NO-tay) is a natural sinkhole filled with fresh water, formed when limestone bedrock collapses and exposes the groundwater underneath. The Yucatán Peninsula, where the Riviera Maya is located, is home to thousands of these cenotes, and they play a crucial role in the region’s water system. Unlike rivers and lakes, which are above ground, the Yucatán’s rivers flow underground, and cenotes provide access to these underground rivers.
Cenotes can be open-air, semi-open, or completely underground—like vast, hidden caves filled with water. Each one offers a unique experience, from crystal-clear waters perfect for swimming to vast cave systems for exploration.
The Formation of Cenotes
Millions of years ago, the Yucatán Peninsula was submerged under the sea, forming a thick layer of limestone. Over time, rainwater, which is slightly acidic, began to erode the limestone, creating vast underground river systems. In some places, the limestone roof collapsed, exposing the groundwater beneath and forming a cenote.
The formation of cenotes is also closely linked to the Chicxulub Crater, created by the asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. The impact led to the creation of fractures in the bedrock, allowing water to seep in and form these sinkholes. In fact, many cenotes in the Yucatán are arranged in a ring around the crater.
The Importance of Cenotes to the Maya
To the ancient Maya, cenotes were far more than just a source of fresh water. These natural sinkholes held deep spiritual significance. Cenotes were considered sacred portals to the underworld, known as Xibalba in Mayan mythology. They believed that cenotes were the gateways to the afterlife, and many cenotes were used for religious ceremonies and offerings.
The Maya also depended on cenotes for survival. Since the Yucatán Peninsula lacks rivers and lakes above ground, cenotes were essential for providing fresh water to Mayan cities. Some of the most important archaeological sites in the region, including Chichen Itza and
Tulum, were built near cenotes to ensure access to fresh water.
Artifacts and human remains have been found in cenotes, further highlighting their cultural and spiritual significance. Today, many cenotes are still considered sacred, and when you visit, you’ll likely feel the deep sense of history and mystery that surrounds them.
Types of Cenotes
Cenotes come in different shapes and sizes, and each one offers a unique experience. Here are the main types of cenotes you’ll find in the Riviera Maya:
- Open-Air Cenotes: These cenotes have lost their limestone roof completely, exposing the water to the sky. They often resemble natural swimming pools surrounded by jungle. Examples include Cenote Azul and Cenote Cristalino.
- Semi-Open Cenotes: These cenotes have partially collapsed roofs, allowing some sunlight to filter in while still maintaining a cave-like environment. Cenote Ik Kil near Chichen Itza is one of the most famous examples of a semi-open cenote.
- Cave Cenotes: These are underground cenotes with little to no light, making them feel like hidden, magical worlds. Dos Ojos and Cenote Sac Actun are popular cave cenotes, perfect for adventurous visitors interested in snorkeling or cave diving.
- Cavern Cenotes: Similar to cave cenotes, but with larger openings to the surface, cavern cenotes are great for both swimming and exploring. The light filtering through the cavern can create an otherworldly atmosphere, especially if you visit early in the day.
Activities in Cenotes
Cenotes aren’t just beautiful to look at—they also offer a wide range of activities for every type of traveler. Whether you’re an adventurer or just looking for a relaxing swim, cenotes have something to offer.
- Swimming: One of the most popular activities in cenotes is swimming. The water is incredibly clear and refreshing, often cooler than the ocean, making it the perfect place to escape the heat.
- Snorkeling: Many cenotes are home to small fish and other aquatic life, and the crystal-clear water offers excellent visibility. Snorkeling in a cenote gives you the chance to see underwater rock formations and experience the tranquility of these natural wonders.
- Diving: For certified divers, cenotes provide an unforgettable diving experience. The underground cave systems, stalactites, and stalagmites make for a unique dive, though it’s essential to go with an experienced guide.
- Exploring Caverns: If you’re interested in exploring, many cenotes have extensive cavern systems that you can walk or swim through. These underground worlds are full of fascinating geological formations.
- Photography: The light filtering through the openings in cenotes, especially semi-open and cave cenotes, creates beautiful opportunities for photography. Whether you’re capturing the stillness of the water or the contrast between light and shadow, cenotes offer some of the most photogenic landscapes in the Riviera Maya.
Why We Need to Protect Cenotes
As more people visit the Riviera Maya each year, it’s essential to understand the impact of tourism on these fragile ecosystems. Cenotes are connected to the region’s underground freshwater system, meaning that any contamination from sunscreens, lotions, or waste can harm not only the cenote itself but also the entire water supply.
Here’s how we can all help protect these sacred sites:
- Avoid wearing sunscreen: Chemicals in sunscreen can harm the delicate ecosystems in cenotes. If you must use sunscreen, opt for biodegradable, eco-friendly options and apply it well before entering the water.
- Follow local guidelines: Cenote owners and guides know how best to preserve these natural wonders. Follow their advice, whether it’s staying on designated paths or avoiding certain areas.
- Limit noise and disruption: Cenotes are quiet, peaceful places—let’s keep them that way. Avoid loud noises or disruptive behavior that might disturb the natural environment or other visitors.
- Support responsible tourism: Choose eco-conscious tour operators that prioritize the preservation of cenotes and respect their cultural significance.
Cenotes are one of the Riviera Maya’s most extraordinary natural wonders, offering not just beauty but also a deep connection to the region’s history, culture, and environment. As visitors, it’s our responsibility to treat these sacred places with respect and care, ensuring that they remain pristine for future generations to enjoy.
Next time you dip into the cool waters of a cenote, remember that you’re swimming in a place that has been sacred for thousands of years—a place that needs our protection now more than ever.